![]() The closest shell to the nucleus can only contain two electrons. The arrangement of the electrons occurs in somewhat orderly orbits called rings or shells. Semiconductor devices are the building blocks of modern electronics and avionics.Īn atom of any material has a characteristic number of electrons orbiting the nucleus of the atom. Then, an explanation for how materials of limited conductivity are constructed and some of their many uses is explained. ![]() To understand semiconductors, a review of what makes a material an insulator or a conductor follows. SemiconductorsThe key to solid-state electronic devices is the electrical behavior of semiconductors. However, they do function, and a description is included here as a foundation for the study of more modern electronic circuits and components. Only antique aircraft retain radios with these devices due to their size and inability to withstand the harsh vibration and shock of the aircraft operating environment. Vacuum TubesElectron control valves found in the analog circuits of early aircraft electronics are constructed of vacuum tubes. Semiconductors used in transistors and integrated circuits have enabled the solid-state digital electronics found in aircraft today. Later, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Early aircraft made use of vacuum tubes to control electron flow. ![]() Control of electron flow enables the circuit to produce the desired outcome. A brief look at various electron control valves used on aircraft follows.Įlectron Control ValvesElectron control valves are an essential part of an electronic circuit. ![]() Today, digital electronic circuits dominate modern avionics. These were later replaced by solid-state devices. They used vacuum tubes that functioned as electron control valves. Early aircraft were equipped with radio communication and navigational devices that were constructed with analog electronic circuits. ![]()
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